lake toba

Lake Toba is a volcanic lake with a length of 100 kilometers and 30 kilometers wide, located in North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. This lake is the largest lake in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. In the middle of this lake there is a volcanic island called Pulau Samosir.
Lake Toba has long become an important tourist destination in North Sumatra in addition to Bukit Lawang and Nias, attract domestic and foreign tourists.

History

It is estimated that Lake Toba explosion occurred at about 73000-75000 years ago and an eruption Supervolcano (super volcano) the most recent. Bill Rose and Craig Chesner from Michigan Technological University estimate that volcanic materials spewed out of the mountain as much as 2800 km ³, with 800 km ³ of rock Ignimbrite and 2,000 km ³ of volcanic ash which is expected in the wind to the west for 2 weeks. Volcanic dust in the wind has spread to half the earth, from China to South Africa. Explosion occurred during 1 week and throw the dust up to 10 km above sea level.

This incident caused mass death and the extinction of some species also followed. According to some DNA evidence, this eruption also reduced the number of people to about 60% of the total human population of the earth at that time, which is about 60 million people. The eruption was also contributed to the occurrence of ice ages, although the experts still debate.

After the eruption, the caldera formed which is then filled with water and became what is now known as Lake Toba. Pressure upward by magma that has not come out cause the emergence of Samosir Island.

International multidisciplinary research team, led by Dr. Michael Petraglia, revealed in a press conference in Oxford, the United States that has found a new archaeological site is quite spectacular by geologists in southern and northern India. On the site it was revealed how people survive, before and after volcanic eruptions (Supervolcano) Toba at 74,000 years ago, and evidence of life under the ash heap of Mount Toba. Though the source of explosion is 3,000 miles, from the distribution of ashes.

For seven years, experts from Oxford University is researching ecosystem project in India, to seek evidence of life and the lives they left behind equipment in a barren desert. Region with an area of thousands of hectares of this was just savanna (grasslands). Meanwhile, animal bones scattered. The team concluded, this vast area was covered with enough dust from ancient volcanic eruptions.

The spread of volcanic dust was extremely spacious, found almost worldwide. Derived from an ancient eruption Supervolcano, namely Mount Toba. Allegations leading to Mount Toba, because it found evidence of volcanic dust molecules in the same 2100 period. Since the caldera crater, now a lake Toba in Indonesia, 3,000 miles, from the source of the eruption. Even that is quite surprising, it turns out that the spread of dust to be recorded up to the North Pole. This is reminiscent of the experts, how powerful the super volcano Toba eruption at the time. The evidence is found, strengthening the suspicion, that the strength of the eruption and sea waves could wipe out life on Atlantis.

coral reef at archipelago raja ampat

The archipelago is a series of four adjacent group of islands located in the western part of the Bird's Head (Vogelkoop) Guinea. Administratively, this group is under the Raja Ampat, West Papua Province. The islands are now the destination of the divers who are interested in the beauty of the underwater scenery. Four islands are members named by the four largest islands, namely Pulau Waigeo, Misool Island, Salawati Island, and Island Batanta.

The origins and history

The origin of the name of Raja Ampat by local myth comes from a woman who found seven eggs. Four grains of which hatch into four princes who separated and each became a powerful king in Waigeo, Salawati, Misool Misool East and West. Meanwhile, three other eggs became a ghost, a woman, and a stone.

In the course of history, the Raja Ampat Islands have long been inhabited by fishing communities and apply the customary system of Maluku. In this system, the community is a member of a village community. Each village is headed by a king. Since the founding of two Muslim sultanate in the Moluccas, Raja Ampat to be part of the Sultanate Tidore claims. After the defeat of the Dutch Empire Tidore, Raja Ampat Islands became part of the Dutch East Indies claim.

Community

Raja Ampat Islands society generally traditional fishermen who resided in small villages are located far apart and different islands. They are a friendly community receive visitors from outside, especially if we bring a souvenir for them in the form of nut or candy. This item is a kind of 'peace pipe indian' in Raja Ampat. Events chatting with eating nut, also called "The-the Pinang" often take turns throwing each other mob, the local term for funny stories.

They are followers of Islam and Christianity, and often within a family or clan members who have embraced one of the two religions. It makes the people of Raja Ampat remain in harmony despite different beliefs.

The wealth of natural resources

The archipelago is a place that has the potential to serve as a tourist attraction, especially diving tourism. Raja Ampat Islands waters according to various sources, is one of the 10 best waters for diving sites around the world. In fact, it may also be recognized as number one for the completeness of underwater flora and fauna at this time.

Dr. John Veron, coral expert from the Australian experience, for example, in a site it is revealed, the Raja Ampat Islands located in the westernmost tip of New Guinea, about 50 miles northwest of Sorong, has the best reef areas in Indonesia. Approximately 450 species of coral had been identified during the two weeks of research in the area.

A team of experts from Conservation International, The Nature Conservancy, and National Oceanographic Institutions (Lon) Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) have done a quick assessment in 2001 and 2002. As a result, they noted in these waters there are more than 540 species of hard corals (75% of the total species in the world), more than 1,000 species of reef fish, 700 types of mollusks, and the highest record for gonodactyloid stomatopod crustaceans. This makes 75% of the world's coral species in Raja Ampat. None of the places with the same area has a number of coral species as much as this.

There are several areas of coral reefs that are still very good condition with the percentage of live coral cover to 90%, namely in the Dampier Strait (the strait between P. Waigeo and P. Batanta), Kofiau Islands, Islands and South East Misool Wayag Islands. Types of coral reefs in Raja Ampat is generally fringing reef with gentle slope to steep contour. But it was also found atoll type and type of burns or taka. In some places like the village Saondarek, when the lowest tides, coral reefs can be seen without a dive and with his own adaptation, the corals can still be alive despite being in the open air and direct sunlight.

Unique species that can occur during diving is some kind of dwarf sea horses, wobbegong, and manta rays. There are also four endemic fish king, namely Eviota king, which is a kind of fish gobbie. At Manta Point which is located in Dampier strait Arborek, you can dive in the company of some tail Manta Ray is benign like when you dive in Derawan Islands, East Kalimantan. If you dive at Cape Kri or Chicken Reef, you can be surrounded by thousands of fish. Sometimes a collection of tuna, giant trevallies and snappers. But those tense when we are surrounded by a collection of barracuda fish, although in fact it's relatively harmless (which is dangerous if we see barracuda solitary or alone). Reef sharks are also frequently seen, and if lucky you can also see the turtle is still eating sponge or swim around you. In some places like in Salawati, Batanta and Waigeo also seen dugong or sea cow

Because the area of many islands and narrow straits, so most of the dive at a particular time has a strong current. It allows also to perform drift dive, dive, following a strong flow of water is very clear as he broke through a collection of fish

Prehistoric and historical heritage

In the area Misool cluster found prehistoric relics in the form of hand stamp that is assigned on a rock wall. Uniquely, the brands of this hand is very close to sea level and not in the cave. According to estimates, the age cap is hand-stamped about 50,000 years and become part of a set of instructions for distributing the path of man from the western region of the archipelago to Papua and Melanesia.

Time aircraft wrecked WWII can be found in several places dive, like on the island of Wai.

Access

Visiting these islands is not too difficult although it takes time and considerable expense. We can use the airline flight from Jakarta to Sorong via Manado for 6 hours of flight. From Sorong-town big enough and quite complete facilities for exploring the Raja Ampat, there are two choices, go on tour with the boat or stay in the resort pinisi Papua Diving. Although most tourists who come to the Raja Ampat Islands are the diver's current, actual location is attractive also for non-divers as well as tourists have white sandy beaches are very beautiful, the group of karst islands nan fascinating and unique endemic flora and fauna like paradise red, bird of paradise Wilson, maleo Waigeo, various parrots and parrot, common cuscus Waigeo, as well as various types of orchids.

wayang

Wayang known since prehistoric times which is about 1500 years before Christ. Indonesian people embrace animistic belief in the form of ancestor worship of spirits called or dahyang hyang, manifested in the form of statues or pictures.

Wayang is the Indonesian traditional arts are mainly developed in Java and Bali. Wayang show has been recognized by UNESCO on November 7, 2003, as an amazing work culture in the field of narrative story and legacy of the beautiful and very valuable (Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity).

There are Wayang versions played by people with costumes, known as the Wayang people, and there is also a Wayang in the form of a set of dolls that are played by the puppeteer. Wayang played this mastermind such a Wayang show or wayang kulit. The story is told in the wayang performance usually comes from the Mahabharata and Ramayana.

Wayang show in every country has its own techniques and style, thus Indonesian Wayangs are made of native Indonesian who has a story, style and extraordinary puppeteer.

Sometimes repertoire Panji stories and stories Menak (Islamic stories) performed well.

Wayang, by the predecessor of this country really means very deep. Sunan Kali Jaga and Raden Patah was instrumental in developing the Wayang. The Guardian in Java has been set up in such a way into three parts. First Wayang Kulit in East Java, both Wayang Wong or Wayang in Central Java, and the third Marionette Wayang in West Java. Each very bekaitan one another. Namely "Where the contents (Wayang Wong) and Where the Skin (Wayang Kulit) should be sought (Wayang Marionette)".

Types of Wayang

* Wayang Kulit
1. Wayang Purwa
2. Wayang Madya
3. Wayang Gedog
4. Wayang Dupara
5. Wayang Revelation
6. Puppet Suluh
7. Wayang Kancil
8. Wayang Calonarang
9. Wayang Krucil
10. Wayang Ajen
11. Wayang Sasak
12. Wayang Sadat
13. Wayang Parwa

* Wood Wayang
1. Wayang Marionette / Wayang Thengul (Bojonegoro)
2. Wayang Menak
3. Flat Wayang / Wayang smacking
4. Wayang Klithik

* Wayang Beber

* Wayang People
o Wayang Gung (South Kalimantan)
o Mask Wayang (Wayang people use masks in South Kalimantan)
* Wayang Suket

* Wayang Gung
* Wayang Timplong
* Wayang Arya
* Wayang Potehi
* Wayang Gambuh
* Wayang Parwa
* Wayang quarts

The types of wayang kulit by region or ethnic origin

Wayang also exist that use local language as Betawi Malay, Palembang language and language of Banjar.

* Wayang Java Yogyakarta
* Wayang Surakarta Java
* Wayang Kulit Gagrag Banyumasan
* Wayang Bali
* Wayang Sasak (NTB)
* Wayang Kulit Banjar (South Kalimantan)
* Wayang Palembang (South Sumatra)
* Wayang Betawi (Jakarta)
* Wayang Cirebon (West Java)
* Wayang Madura (now extinct)
* Wayang Siam (Kelantan, Malaysia)

Angklung, Indonesian Traditional Music Instruments

Angklung is a traditional musical instrument from West Java, made of bamboo, which sounded shaken by (the sound caused by the clash of bodies bamboo pipes) so as to produce a sound that vibrates in the arrangement of tones 2, 3, and 4 tones in every size, large and small. Barrel (tone) musical instrument Angklung as Sundanese traditional music is mostly salendro and pelog.

The origin of Angklung

In a clump of art that uses musical instruments from bamboo known type of art called the Angklung. The type of bamboo used as a musical instrument is the AWI wulung (black bamboo) and AWI friends (white bamboo). Purwa fine musical instrument Angklung; each tone (barrel) is produced from the sound of bamboo-shaped tube wilahan (bars) of each segment of bamboo from small to large.
Angklung is a musical instrument from West Java. Angklung gubrag in Jasinga, Bogor, is one that is still alive after more than 400 years ago. Appearance originated from rice rites. Angklung created and played to lure Dewi Sri down to Earth for the people of the rice plant thrives.

Known by the Sundanese community since the time of the Sunda kingdom, of which as penggugah spirit in battle. Angklung function as pumping continues to feel the spirit of the people still come to the colonial period, that's why the Dutch East Indies government had banned the use angklung, the ban could make angklung popularity declined and only played by children at that time.

The origin of the creation of bamboo music, such as angklung based view of the agrarian life of Sundanese people with a source of life of paddy (pare) as a staple food. This gave rise to the myth of trust in Nyai Sri Pohaci as a symbol of Goddess of Rice giver of life (breathe-Hurip).

Reflection of Sundanese people formerly in agricultural processing (tatanen) especially in the fields and shifting cultivation has spawned the creation of poetry and song as a tribute and offerings to Sri Pohaci Nyai, and the efforts nyinglar (starting reinforcements) for suitable planting them not to invite catastrophe, both pests and disasters Other natural. Buhun song lyric in honor of Sri Pohaci Nyi, for example:
Furthermore, the songs offerings to Dewi Sri is accompanied by the sound of percussion accompaniment made from bamboo poles that simple packed structures which then was born the bamboo musical instrument we know today named angklung. Subsequent developments in the game Angklung tradition accompanied by elements of motion and Ibing (dance) that rhythmic (air-wirahma) with patterns and rules = rules in accordance with the needs of the memorial on time paraded rice paddy to the barn (ngampih pare, nginebkeun), also at times mitembeyan, began planting rice in some places in West Java called ngaseuk.
Similarly, when the harvest festival dedicated to the game and seren taun angklung. Especially at the presentation ceremony Angklung related to rice, it becomes a performance art that are the parade or helaran, even in some places into the convoy Rengkong and Dongdang and Jampana (stretcher food) and so forth.
In its development, angklung grow and spread all over Java, then to Kalimantan and Sumatra. In 1908 recorded a cultural mission from Indonesia to Thailand, among others, marked the transfer angklung and bamboo music of this game also had spread there.
In fact, since 1966, Udjo Ngalagena angklung figures who developed the technique based on barrel-barrel game pelog, salendro, and madenda-start teaching how to play angklung to many people from various communities.

Angklung Kanekes

Angklung Kanekes area (we often call them Baduy) is used primarily because of its relationship with the rites of rice, not solely for the entertainment of people. Angklung is used or is sounded when they grow rice in shifting cultivation (field). Angklung beat when growing rice there is only rung free (dikurulungkeun), especially in Kajeroan (Tangtu; Baduy Jero), and there are with certain rhythmic, namely in Kaluaran (Outer Baduy). However, still can be displayed on the outside but still have the rite paddy rules, for example, may only beaten until his ngubaran pare (treating paddy), about three months from the time of rice planted. After that, during the next six months all the arts should not be played, and can be played again on the next rice planting season. Closes angklung implemented with event called musungkeun angklung, namely nitipkeun (leave, keep) angklung after use.
In the presentation of entertainment, usually held during Angklung bright moon and no rain. They play in the game angklung (page widespread in rural areas) while singing various songs, among others: monkey Kasarung, Yandu Aunt, Yandu Sala, Ceuk Arileu, Oray-orayan, Dengdang, Yari Gandang, Oyong-Oyong Bangkong, Kula Agency, Kokoloyoran, Swing-swing, Pileuleuyan, Gandrung Mangosteen, Rujak Gadung, Mulung Muncang, Giler, Ngaranggeong, Aceukna, Marengo, Salak Sadapur, Rangda Ngendong, Celementre, Keupat Reundang, Papacangan, and Culadi Dengdang. The drummers angklung eight people and three drummers drum small size make the standing position while walking in a circle formation. Meanwhile others had ngalage (dance) with a specific movement that has been raw but simple. Everything is done only by men. This is different to the community Daduy In, they are limited by custom with the various rules pamali (abstinence; taboo), should not be doing things excessive worldly pleasures. Art solely for ritual purposes.
Angklung names in Kanekes of the largest are: ovarian, ringkung, Dongdong, gossip, engklok, ovarian leutik, torolok, and Roel. Roel which consists of 2 pieces held by a angklung. The names of the longest drum are: drum, talingtit, and percussion. The use of drum instruments there is a difference, namely in the villages they wear Kaluaran drum as much as 3 pieces. In Kajeroan; Cikeusik village, just use the drum and talingtit, without percussion. In Kajeroan, Cibeo village, just use the drum, without talingtit and percussion.
In Kanekes who is the person entitled to make angklung Kajeroan (Tangtu; Baduy Jero). Kajeroan consists of 3 villages, namely Cibeo, Cikartawana, and Cikeusik. In all three villages is not everyone can make it, only that have offspring and have the right to do just that in addition to the requirements of ritual. Angklung makers in the famous Cikeusik is Amir's father (59), and in Cikartawana father Tarnah. People buy from people Kajeroan Kaluaran in three village.

Angklung Dogdog Lojor

Art is available at the community dogdog lojor Kasepuhan Pancer Pangawinan or customs union Banten Kidul scattered around Mount Mist (bordering Jakarta, Bogor and Lebak). Although this art is called dogdog lojor, the name of one of the instruments in it, but there is also used angklung because the connection with the ritual of rice. Once a year, after harvesting the whole community held an event or seren Serah Taun Taun on traditional village center. Traditional village center as a place of residence kokolot (elders) the place always on the move as directed supernatural.
The tradition of respect for rice in this community is still carried out because they included people who still adhere to old customs. By tradition they claim to be descendants of the officers and soldiers in the palace Pajajaran Baresan Pangawinan (soldier armed with a lance). Kasepuhan community has embraced Islam and somewhat open to the influence of modernization, as well as entertainment things worldly pleasures can be enjoyed. This attitude also affects the function of art in terms that since about the 1970s, dogdog lojor has been progressing, which is used to enliven the circumcision of children, marriage, and other festive events. The instruments used in the arts dogdog lojor is 2 pieces of fruit and 4 dogdog lojor big angklung. These four fruit angklung has a name, which is called the bark, then panembal, Kingking, and inclok. Each instrument is played by one, making a total of six people.
Songs include dogdog lojor Bale Agung, Side Hideung, shaky-shaky Papanganten, Si Tunggul Kawung, Adulilang, and Adu-complaint. These songs form of vocals with rhythmic dogdog and angklung tend to remain.

Angklung gubrag

Angklung gubrag Cipining there in the village, Cigudeg subdistrict, Bogor. Angklung has old age and used to honor the goddess of rice in the activities carry pare (rice), ngunjal pare (transporting rice), and ngadiukeun (put) into leuit (barn).
In the myth angklung gubrag began there was a time when village Cipining experiencing a bad season.

Angklung Badeng

Badeng is a type of art that emphasize the musical aspect with angklung as the main instrument. Sanding there Badeng Village, District Malangbong, Garut. Used to serve as entertainment for the benefit of the Islamic da'wah. But the alleged Badeng has been used since the old society from the pre-Islamic for events associated with the ritual of planting rice. As an art to preaching trusted Badeng developed since Islam spread in this area around the 16th century or 17. At that time the population Sanding, Arpaen and Nursaen, studied Islamic religion to the kingdom of Demak. After returning from Demak they preach spread the religion of Islam. One of the means of spreading Islam with the arts used was Badeng.
Angklung used as many as nine pieces, which is 2 angklung Roel, 1 angklung intelligence, 4 Angklung Angklung ovarian and father, 2 angklung children; 2 pieces dogdog, 2 fruit fly or gembyung, and 1 kecrek. The text uses the Sundanese language mixed with Arabic. In its development is now also used the Indonesian language. The contents of the text contains Islamic values and good advice, and according to the purposes of the event. In addition to presenting performances of the songs, well presented attraction supernatural powers, such as slicing the body with sharp weapons.
Songs Badeng: Lailahaileloh, Ya'ti, Kasreng, Yautike, Lilimbungan, Solaloh.

komodo island

Komodo Island is an island located in the Nusa Tenggara Islands. Komodo Island is known as a habitat for native animals dragons. This island is also the Komodo National Park which is managed by the Central Government. Komodo Island in the eastern island of Sumbawa, which are separated by the Sape Strait.

Administratively, this island including the District of Komodo, West Manggarai regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. Komodo Island is the most western tip of Nusa Tenggara Timur province, bordering the province of West Nusa Tenggara.

On the island of Komodo dragons animals live and breed well. Until August 2009, on this island there are about 1,300 dragons tail. Coupled with other islands, such as Island and Rinca and Gili Motang, their numbers totaled about 2500 tails. There are also approximately 100 individuals dragons in Wae Wuul Nature Reserve on the mainland island of Flores, but not including the Komodo National Park.

Besides Komodo, the island is also store a variety of exotic flora Sepang timber which by local people used as medicine and dye clothes, this nitak tree or sterculia oblongata in the believe is useful as medicines and seeds are tasty and delicious like peas.

History

In 1910 the Dutch named the island in the southern province of East Nusa Tenggara is the nickname of Komodo Island. This story begins with Lieutenant Steyn van Hens Broek who tries to prove statements about the presence of Dutch troops large animal resembling a dragon on the island. Steyn then killed a dragon and bring documentation to the Museum and Botanical Garden in Bogor to be investigated.

In 2009, the Park has been named a finalist in the "New Seven Wonders of Nature" newly published in 2010 by online voting at www.N7W.com